Radiography Imaging Techniques

Breast MRI is used as an adjunct to conventional mammographic assessment. It provides additional information in the following ways: Finding breast cancer not detected by other imaging modalities in women with increased risk. [3, 4, 5] Finding breast cancer not detected by other imaging modalities in women with dense breasts. Finding additional disease in recently diagnosed breast cancer cases (multifocal, multicentric, or bilateral disease). Finding an invasive component in ductal carcinoma in situ lesions. Breast MRI relies on detection of abnormal enhancement caused by neoangiogenesis associated with malignancy. The increasing use of breast MRI has inevitably been accompanied by increased detection of incidental enhancing abnormalities that were not detected by conventional imaging. These apparent lesions may represent normal or dysplastic tissues, cyclic hormonal changes, benign tumors, or unexpected malignant foci. The nature of such foci must be clarified so that a cancer...

Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter x ray anatomy , acetabulum radiography anatomy , hip joint radiographic anatomy 

Enhanced interpretation . Mammograms can be extremely difficult for radiologists to interpret. Digital mammograms, though, are stored electronically. That means they can be analyzed by computers as well as by radiologists. Image manipulation capabilities . Film mammogram images cannot be changed. Digital mammogram images can be manipulated digitally for better clarity and visibility. For instance, the contrast of the images can be changed where necessary to provide a clearer picture. Lower average radiation dosage . Digital mammograms may take more views of each breast than film mammograms. But they use approximately 25% less radiation than film mammograms. That’s because smaller areas of the breast are imaged in each view. Easier second opinions . Since digital mammograms are stored in computers, they can easily be sent electronically to other health care professionals for analysis. Easier to store . Film mammograms produce bulky sets of films that must be stored and revisited f...

There several imaging techniques that may be used to shorten the image acquisition time without shortening TR. Two techniques, fractional Nex imaging and fractional echo imaging, are presented in this section, while others will be presented in subsequent sections in this chapter. Before fractional Nex or fractional echo imaging can be understood, it is first necessary to examine a relationship between the data in different halves of  k -space. K -space data is made up of complex data representing the M x  and M y  components of magnetization. The complex data in the right half of  k -space is the complex conjugate of the data in the left half of  k -space. Similarly, the data in the top half of  k -space is the complex conjugate of the data in the bottom half of  k -space. Fractional Nex Imaging Fractional Nex imaging takes advantage of this complex conjugate relationship between the top and bottom halves of  k -space to reduce the number...

Semioblique lateral view. The central beam is centred on the web space between the thumb and the index finger Semi oblique lateral view (radial deviated, thumb abducted lateral view) : here the patient's wrist is in maximal radial deviation and thumb in maximum abduction. The forearm is kept 45° supination [ Figure ]. This view reveals a fracture of hook of Hamate.